UNAFFORDABLE HOUSING AND POLITICAL
KICKBACKS ROCKED THE AMERICAN ECONOMY
DARRELL ISSA*
The economic earthquake that shook the world financial
markets and bankrupted seemingly invulnerable multinational
corporations exposed perilous fault lines of the federal
government’s own creation. Under mounting pressure, at a
critical moment, the fault lines cracked and took down everything
from auto manufacturers to insurance providers.
Now that the Obama Administration’s comprehensive regulatory
reform proposals are making their way through Congress,
the time has come to identify the root causes of the most
recent economic downturn. Many leading economists agree:
The economic crisis we are experiencing is directly tied to an
over‐inflated housing bubble wherein mortgage lenders made
reckless, high‐risk loans. These loans were given in record number
to over‐extended, under‐qualified borrowers to satisfy an
increasingly aggressive government drive for home ownership.
Why the lenders adopted such counterintuitive and irresponsible
business practices is the critical question. The answer reveals
the disastrous folly of government intervention in the housing
market spanning more than three quarters of a century.
To secure affordable housing, Congress created a new Government
Sponsored Enterprise (GSE) known as the Federal National
Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) during the Great Depression
to purchase and securitize home mortgages and promote
greater liquidity in the mortgage market.1 At a time of unprecedented
economic strain, the nation welcomed this fundamental
component of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal.
For thirty years, Fannie Mae had a near‐monopoly on the
secondary mortgage market and, with the backing of the federal budget, an ostensibly endless supply of capital. In 1965,
President Lyndon Johnson established the Department of
Housing and Urban Development (HUD) as a part of his Great
Society plan to eradicate poverty and promote homeownership
through a government‐run housing program and government
subsidized mortgage lending. Facing mounting debt, however,
Johnson later contrived a scheme to privatize Fannie Mae, removing
the corporation’s liabilities from the federal balance
sheets without limiting the potential for a taxpayer bailout.2
By 1970, Congress was pushing Fannie Mae to purchase conventional
mortgages, though the effort was complicated by
federal restrictions on numerous primary lenders that were unable
to work with Fannie Mae. The solution? Congress created
the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac)
as a wholly‐owned government‐run mortgage lender,3 and
then re‐chartered it in 1989 as a publicly traded enterprise.4
As the market for secondary mortgages grew, Fannie Mae
and Freddie Mac nearly achieved monopoly results thanks to
numerous competitive advantages guaranteed through their
unique relationship with the federal government.5 Among
these advantages were government‐backed lines of credit equal
to a whopping $2.25 billion and a corollary market reputation
that led investors to believe the GSEs were too big to fail.6 This
inflated investor confidence and exclusive government protection
resulted in an unnatural expansion of Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac’s market dominance, and by the time the 1990s
rolled around, the corporations together held more than three
quarters of the secondary market for prime mortgages.7